| Joshua 12:1
| These are the kings whom the children of Israel slew, and possessed their land, beyond the Jordan, towards the rising of the sun, from the torrent Arnon unto Mount Hermon, and all the east country that looketh towards the wilderness.
| Wilderness. Hebrew, "all the plain country (Araba) on the east."
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| Joshua 12:2
| Sehon, king of the Amorrhites, who dwelt in Hesebon, and had dominion from Aroer, which is seated upon the bank of the torrent Arnon, and of the middle part in the valley, and of half Galaad, as far as the torrent Jaboc, which is the border of the children of Ammon.
| Galaad. Sehon occupied from the middle of the torrent Arnon, as far as half of the mountains of Galaad, and the torrent Jaboc. (Calmet) --- Og possessed the other half of the mountains northward, while the Ammonites had the eastern parts. (Haydock)
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| Joshua 12:3
| And from the wilderness to the sea of Ceneroth, towards the east, and to the sea of the wilderness, which is the most salt sea, on the east side, by the way that leadeth to Bethsimoth: and on the south side, that lieth under Asedoth, Phasga.
| Bethsimoth is ten miles from Jericho, (Eusebius) near the Dead Sea, in the plains of Moab. (Calmet) --- Phasga. Asedoth lay at the foot of this mountain, being well supplied with water. Subjacet Acedoth usque Phasga, the southern limits of Sehon's dominions had "abundance of springs, as far as Phasga." (Haydock)
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| Joshua 12:4
| The border of Og, the king of Basan, of the remnant of the Raphaims, who dwelt in Astaroth, and in Edrai, and had dominion in Mount Hermon, and in Salecha, and in all Basan, unto the borders
| Og. See Numbers 21:33., and Deuteronomy 3:11.
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| Joshua 12:5
| Of Gessuri, and Machati, and of half Galaad: the borders of Sehon, the king of Hesebon.
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| Joshua 12:6
| Moses, the servant of the Lord, and the children of Israel slew them, and Moses delivered their land in possession to the Rubenites, and Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasses.
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| Joshua 12:7
| These are the kings of the land, whom Josue and the children of Israel slew, beyond the Jordan, on the west side, from Baalgad, in the field of Libanus, unto the mount, part of which goeth up into Seir: and Josue delivered it in possession to the tribes of Israel, to every one their divisions,
| Seir. The same expression occurs, chap 11:17. Hebrew, "from Baalgad, in the vale of Libanus, even unto Mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir." (Haydock) --- Halak means, "bald or naked." It is not know what mountain it denotes. Josue, (Calmet) or the Israelites, (Haydock) conquered "all the country beyond the Jordan, on the north from Baalgad, at the foot of Libanus, and from Hermon, where these mountains meet, as far as the mountains of separation," which divide the country of Chanaan from that of Seir, on the south of Judea. (Calmet) --- Baalgad was situated on the north western borders of this territory, not of the Jordan. (Haydock)
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| Joshua 12:8
| As well in the mountains as in the plains, and the champaign countries. In Asedoth, and in the wilderness, and in the south, was the Hethite and the Amorrhite, the Chanaanite and the Pherezite, the Hevite and the Jebusite.
| Asedoth, or "in the springs," or valleys, ver. 3.
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| Joshua 12:9
| The king of Jericho, one; the king of Hai, which is on the side of Bethel, one;
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| Joshua 12:10
| The king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;
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| Joshua 12:11
| The king of Jerimoth, one; the king of Lachis, one;
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| Joshua 12:12
| The king of Eglon, one; the king of Gazer, one;
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| Joshua 12:13
| The king of Dabir, one; the king of Gader, one;
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| Joshua 12:14
| The king of Herma, one; the king of Hered, one;
| Herma, "a curse," where the Israelites defeated king Arad, Numbers 14:45., and 21:3.
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| Joshua 12:15
| The king of Lebna, one; the king of Odullam, one;
| Odullam, ten miles east of Eleutheropolis, and famous for the retreat of David. (Calmet)
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| Joshua 12:16
| The king of Maceda, one; the king of Bethel, one;
| Bethel. Josue perhaps slew the king, but did not take the city, Judges 1:22. (Menochius)
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| Joshua 12:17
| The king of Taphua, one; the king of Opher, one;
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| Joshua 12:18
| The king of Aphec, one; the king of Saron, one;
| Aphec. A place of this name was in the tribe of Aser, another in that of Juda. --- Saron. Hebrew, "Lasharon;" probably Sarona, (Acts 9:35,) or a canton near Joppe. (Eusebius)
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| Joshua 12:19
| The king of Madon, one; the king of Asor, one;
| Madon, or Maron. Septuagint, chap 11:1. This place is joined with Semeron, in Hebrew (ver. 20,) improperly. Perhaps it may be the Meros, (Judges 5:23,) or Maronia, a city of Phoenicia.
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| Joshua 12:20
| The king of Semeron, one; the king of Achsaph, one;
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| Joshua 12:21
| The king of Thenac, one; the king of Megeddo, one;
| Thenac, a city of the Levites, but seized afterwards by the Chanaanites, Judges 1:27. It was near the town of Legion, built by the Romans. --- Mageddo, where Josias was overcome, 2 Paralipomenon 35:22. (Calmet)
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| Joshua 12:22
| The king of Cades, one; the king of Jachanan, of Carmel, one;
| Jachanan was near Mount Carmel. Sometimes Josue specifies both the city and the canton, where it was situated; at other times he only mentions the latter, as in the following verse.
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| Joshua 12:23
| The king of Dor, and of the province of Dor, one; the king of the nations of Galgal, one;
| Galgal, not where the Israelites had encamped, but that part which was afterwards called the Galilee of the Gentiles, in some corner of which the king in question had fixed his residence. For we cannot suppose that he ruled over all that country, extending from Tyre to beyond the Jordan. His people might probably be a mixed multitude of various nations, as Strabo (xvi.) observes, that many parts of Palestine were peopled by men of this description.
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| Joshua 12:24
| The king of Thersa, one: all the kings, thirty and one.
| Thersa. Here the kings of Israel kept their court, till Amri built Samaria, (Calmet) about nine miles more to the north. (Brocard.) --- One. The two kings slain by Moses (Worthington) are not included. (Menochius)
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